Background Antibodies to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–
associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) may perturb human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence
during antiretroviral therapy (ART) by reversing HIV latency and/or boosting HIV-specific
immunity, leading to clearance of infected cells. We tested this hypothesis in a clinical trial of
anti–PD-1 alone or in combination with anti–CTLA-4 in people living with HIV (PLWH) and
cancer. Methods This was a substudy of the AIDS Malignancy Consortium 095 Study. ART …

In people living with HIV on ART receiving immune checkpoint blockade for cancer, anti-PD-
1 alone had no effect on the latent HIV-reservoir, but the combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-
CTLA-4 modestly reversed HIV-latency and may potentially eliminate cells containing
replication-competent HIV.