Opioid bowel dysfunction (OBD) is a common adverse effect associated with opioid therapy.
OBD is commonly described as constipation; however, it is a constellation of adverse
gastrointestinal (GI) effects, which also includes abdominal cramping, bloating, and
gastroesophageal reflux. The mechanism for these effects is mediated primarily by
stimulation of opioid receptors in the GI tract. In patients with pain, uncontrolled symptoms of
OBD can add to their discomfort and may serve as a barrier to effective pain management …