Epidemiological studies show that exposure to factors that restrict fetal growth or lead to low
birthweight can alter lung development and have later adverse effects on lung function and
respiratory health. The major causal factors include reduced nutrient and oxygen availability,
nicotine exposure via maternal tobacco smoking and preterm birth, each of which can affect
critical stages of lung development. Experimental studies show that these environmental
insults can permanently alter lung structure and hence lung function, increasing the risk of …